Surgery Mnemonics

Surgery Mnemonics

Pancreatitis: treatment MACHINES:
Monitor vital signs
Analgesia/ Antibiotics
Calcium gluconate (if deemed necessary)
H2 receptor antagonist
IV access/ IV fluids
Nil by mouth
Empty gastric contents
Surgery if required/ Senior review

Appendicitis: Alvarado's scoring system for diagnosis 
MANTRELS:
Migratory pain (1)
Anorexia (1)
Nausea (1)
Tenderness (2)
Rebound tenderness (1)
Elevated temperature (1)
Leucocytosis (2)
Shift to left (1)
· Score 3-4 = no appendicitis. Score 5-6 = doubtful. Score 7 or more =
appendicitis is confirmed.

Post operative order list check-up FLAVOR:
Fluids
Laboratories
Activity
Vital signs
Oral allowances
Rx [medications]

Child-Pugh classification "Pour Another Beer
At Eleven":
PT
Albumin
Bilirubin
Ascites
Encephalopathy
·Scoring (each is either 1, 2 or 3 points):
PT (greater than 12 sec.): 1-3 or 4-6 or >6.
Albumin: >3.5 or 2.8-3.5 or less than 2.8
Bilirubin: less than 2 or 2-3 or >3.
Ascities: none or slight or moderate
Encephalopathy: none or 1-2 (subjective) or 3-4 (subjective)
· Interpretation:
Class A: 5-6 points (candidate for surgical liver resection).
Class B: 7-9 points (consider chemoembolization or RFA).
Class C: 10-15 points (consider options in B or no therapy).

Hernias of Abdominal Wall Think of the abdomen as a bucket,
or PAIL that contains the viscera. These are the four groups of hernias:
Pelvic hernias: obturator, perineal, sciatic
Anterior hernias: epigastric, incisional, Spigelian, supravesical,
umbilical
Inguinal hernias: indirect, direct, femoral
Lumbar hernias: inferior lumbar triangle (Petit), superior lumbar
triangle (Grynfelt)

Hernias: abdominal wall: pelvic The end products of
metabolism that are released through the pelvis, are "Pee Or Stool":
Perineal hernia
Obturator hernia
Sciatic hernia

Hernias: abdominal wall: lumbar triangles (with eponyms) 
PIGS:
Petit aka Inferior lumbar triangle
Grynfelt aka Superior lumbar triangle

TPN indications "MISIPPI Burning":
Major visceral injury
IBD
Sepsis
Ileus
Post-op
Paralysis
Intestinal fistula
Burns

Surgical discharge checklist FLAG COUP:
Lucid
Ambulatory
GP letter sent
CVS checked (BP, pulse
Operation site OK
Urinating OK
Prescription

Compartment syndrome: signs and symptoms · 5 P's:
Pain
Palor
P ulseless
Paresethesia
Pressure (increased)

Oesophageal cancer risk factors PC BASTARDS:
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Coeliac disease
Barrett's
Alcohol
Smoking
Tylosis
Achalasia
Russia (geographical distribution)
Diet
Stricture

Abdominal aortic aneurysm: genetic component AAA (3
A's) is sometimes due to a defect in the gene encoding for type III
procollagen.

Disease description: organization of answer "In A
Surgeon's Gown, Physicians May Make Some
Clinical Progress":
Incidence
Age
Sex
Geography
Predisposing factors
Macroscopic appearance
Microscopic appearance
Spread
Clinical features
Prognosis

Inguinal mass: differential "Hernias Very Much
Like To Swell":
Hernias (inguinal, femoral)
Vascular (femoral aneurysm, sapheno varyx)
Muscle (psoas abscess)
Lymph nodes
Testicle (ectopic, undescended)
Spermatic cord (lipoma, hydrocoele)

Haematocele: etiology 3T's and 2 H's:
Tumor
Torsion
Trauma
Hydrocele as a complication
Haemophilia (blood diseases)

Abdomen: inspection 5 S's:
Size
Shape
Scars
Skin lesions
Stoma

Varicose veins: symptoms AEIOU:
Aching
Eczema
Itching
Oedema
Ulceration/ Ugly (LDS, haemosiderin, varicosities)

Swollen leg: unilateral swelling causes TV BAIL:
Trauma
Venous (varicose veins, DVT, venous insufficiency)
Baker's cyst
Allergy
Inflammation (cellulitis)
Lymphoedema

Ulcers: edge types F PURE:
Flat (eg venous)
Punched-out (eg trophic, arterial)
Undetermined (eg pressure, TB)
Rolled (eg BCC)
Everted (eg SCC)

Post-operative fever causes Six W's:
Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first 48 hours, may
have pneumonia
Wound: infection at surgical site
Water: check IV for phlebitis
Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or restricted
mobility related to pain and fatigue
Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization
Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever

Scrotum: scrotum swelling differential THE THEATRES:
Torsion
Hernia
Epididymytis, orchitis
Trauma
Hydrocoele, varicocele, hematoma
Edema
Appendix testes (torsion, hemorrhage)
Tumour
Recurrent leukemia
Epididymal cyst
Syphilis, TB

Post-operative complications (immediate) "Post-op 
PROBS":
Pain
Primary haemorrhage
Reactionary haemorrhage
Oliguria
Basal atelectasis
Shock/ Sepsis

Fistulas: conditions preventing closure FETID:
Foreign body
Epithelialization
Tumor
Infection
Distal obstruction

Oedema causes: generalised "HILARI IS SAVE" (Hilary):
Heart failure
Iatrogenic
Liver causes
Aldosterone increased/ ADH increased
Renal cause
Inadequate protein in blood (hypoalbuminaemia)
· Causes for the inadequate protein in blood are:
Intake Inadequate (Kwashiorkor)
Secretion fro pancreas decreased (pancreatitis)
Synthesis decreased (liver failure)
Absorption decreased (Crohn's disease)
Vomit (pyloric stenosis)
Excretion increased (nephrotic)

Oedema causes: localised ALIVE:
Allergic (angio-oedema)
Lymphatic (elephantiasis)
Inflammatory (infection, injury)
VEnous (DVT, chronic venous insufficiency)

GI bleeding: causes ABCDEFGHI:
Angiodysplasia
Bowel cancer
Colitis
Diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer
Epitaxis/ Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices)
Fistula (anal, aortaenteric)
Gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastritis)
Hemorrhoids
Infectious diarrhoea/ IBD/ Ischemic bowel

Melanoma sites "Mel SEA" (Pronounced "Mel C" from the
Spice Girls)
· Melanoma sites, in order of frequency:
Skin
Eyes
Anus

Fistulas: conditions preventing closure FRIEND:
Foreign body
Radiation
Infection/ Inflammation (Crohn)
Epithelialization
Neoplasia
Distal obstruction

Appendicectomy: complications WRAP IF HOT:
Wound infection
Respiratory (atelectasis, pneumonia)
Abscess (pelvic)
Portal pyemia
Ileus (paralytic)
Fecal fistula
Hernia (r. inguinal)
Obstruction (intestinal due to adhesions)
Thrombus (DVT)

Social & Preventive Medicine Mnemonics

Social & Preventive Medicine Mnemonics

Cigarette smoke: major carcinogens PANT:
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic amines
Nitrosamines
Tar
· Nicotine and Carbon monoxide are Non-Carcinogenic.

Error: type I (alpha) vs. type II (beta) Type I
(Alpha) Error:
"There Is An Effect" where in reality there is none.

Reliability Random Error
REduces
REliability (REproducibility)

Suicide risk factors in order of risk SOARS:
· Top 6 risk factors in order of highest to lowest risk:
Serious previous attempt
Older than 45
Alcohol
Rage history
Sex (male)

Incidence vs. prevalence Incidence: Initiate
Infection In Interval.
Prevalence: Population's Percentage Positive.

Prevention: primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary Primary:
Predisposing factors decreased.
Secondary: Severity decreased.
Tertiary: Therapy, Training.

Recall bias REcall bias is a problem with
REtrospective studies and is based on ability to
REmember.

Hill criteria for causality " 'Clowns Pursuing
Epidemiology' Commonly Behind The Silly Samples":
Consistency
Plausibility
Experimentation
Biological gradient
Coherence
Temporality
Strength of association
Specificity

Informed consent: requirements, exceptions "Sign this DOC
before we can start":
Discussion
Obtain agreement
Coercion-free
· Exceptions to informed consent are WIPE:
Waiver
Incompetent
Privilege (therapeutic privilege)
Emergency

Accuracy of test: sensitivity vs. specificity seNsitivity
of a test: related to the rate of false Negatives.
sPecificity of a test: related to the rate of false Positives.
· Alternatively written:
seNsitive: No Non-Negatives.
sPecific: Puny Psuedo-Positives.

Poisson distribution formula MNEMONIc: M to
the Nth power times E to the Minus nth Over N
factorial
Formula is: ((m^n) * (e^-n) ) / n!
· Note: the factorial (!) at the end is an inverted lowercase letter i.

Pi: value to 31 decimal places "How I want a drink,
alcoholic of course, after the heavy chapters involving quantum mechanics. One
is, yes, adequate even enough to produce some fun and pleasure for an instant,
miserably brief":
The number of letters in each subsequent word of these two sentences give the
value of pi to 3.141592653589793238462643383279
Alternatively: If only want first 6 decimal places, use the sentence "How I wish
I could calculate Pi! "

Suicide risk factors SAD PERSONS:
Sex: male
Age: young, elderly
Depression
Previous suicide attempts
Ethanol and other drugs
Reality testing/ Rational thought (loss of)
Social support lacking
Organized suicide plan
No spouse
Sickness/ Stated future intent

Rheumatology Mnemonics

Rheumatology Mnemonics

Ankylosing spondylitis: extra-articular manifestations 6
A's:
Atlanto-axial subluxation
Anterior uveitis
Apical lung fibrosis
Aortic incompetence
Amyloidosis (kidneys)
Autoimmune bowel disease (UC)

Gout: drugs and foods raising uric acid levels Drugs are 
FACT:
Frusemide
Aspirin/ Alcohol
Cytotoxic drugs
Thiazide diuretics
Foods are SALTS:
Shellfish
Anchovies
Liver and kidney
Turkey
Sardines

Joint pain causes SOFTER TISSUE:
Sepsis
Osteoarthritis
Fractures
Tendon/muscle
Epiphyseal
Referred
Tumor
Ischaemia
Seropositive arthritides
Seronegative arthritides
Urate
Extra-articular rheumatism (such as polymylagia)

SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis "MD SOAP 'N
HAIR":
Malar rash
Discoid rash
Serositis
Oral ulcer
Arthritis
Photosensitivity
Neurologic abnormality
Hematologic abnormality
ANA (+)
Immunologic abnormality
Renal involvement

Asthma: treatment ASTHMA:
Adrenergics
Steroids
Theophylline
Hydration
Mask [O2 at 24%]
Antibiotics

Osteoporosis risk factors ACCESS:
Alcohol
Corticosteroid
Calcium low
Estrogen low
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle

SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis (ARA criteria)
DAMP AS RHINO:
Discoid rash
ANA (+)
Malar rash
Photosensitivity
Arthritis
Serositis (pleural, pericardial)
Renal involvement
Hematologic abnormality
Immunologic abnormality
Neurologic abnormality (seizures, psychosis)
Oral / nasal ulcer, Observed

Henoch schonlein purpura: signs and symptoms NAPA:
Nephritis
Arthritis, arthralgias
Purpura, palpable (especially on buttocks and lower extremities)
Abdominal pain (need to rule out intussusception)

Arthritis: juvenile idiopathic: differential ARTHRITIS:
Anxiety
Rickets and metabolic
Tumor
Hematological
Reactive arthritis
Immunological (SLE)
Trauma
Injury
Sepsis

Felty's syndrome: components SANTA:
Splenomegaly
Anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Arthritis (rheumatoid)

Carpal tunnel syndrome TINel's sign:
TINgling sensation after
Tapping on
Traumatized nerve in carpal
Tunnel syndrome

Arthritis: seronegative spondyloarthropathies PEAR:
Psoriatic arthritis
Enteropathic arthritis
Ankylosing sponylitis
Reiter's/ Reactive

Radiology Mnemonics

Radiology Mnemonics

Chest X-ray interpretation · Preliminary is ABCDEF:
AP or PA
Body position
Confirm name
Date
Exposure
Films for comparison
· Analysis is ABCDEF:
Airways (hilar adenopathy or enlargement)
Breast shadows/ Bones (rib fractures, lytic bone lesions)
Cardiac silhoutte (cardiac enlargement)/ Costophrenic angles
(pleural effusions)
Diaphragm (evidence of free air)/ Digestive tract
Edges (apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening or plaques)/
Extrathoracic tissues
Fields (evidence of alveolar filling)/ Failure (alveolar air space
disease with prominent vascularity with or without pleural effusions)

Chest X-ray: cavitating lesions differential "If you see 
HOLES on chest X-ray, they are WEIRD":
Wegener's syndrome
Embolic (pulmonary, septic)
Infection (anaerobes, pneumocystis, TB)
Rheumatoid (necrobiotic nodules)
Developmental cysts (sequestration)
Histiocytosis
Oncological
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Environmental, occupational
Sarcoid
· Alternatively: L=Left atrial myxoma

T2 vs. T1 MRI scan "WW 2" (World War II):
· Water is White in a T2 scan.
· Conversely, a T1 scan shows fat as being whiter.

Elbow ossification centers, in sequence CRITOE:
Capitellum
Radial head
Internal epicondyle
Trochlea
Olecranon
External epicondyle
· In order: appear at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
years; each closes 2 years later.

Chest radiograph: checklist to examine ABCDEFGHI:
Aorta
Bronchus
Cord, spinal
Diaphragm (look for hyperinflation)
Eosphagus (look for foreign body)
Fracture (ribs)
Gas (look for pneumothorax)
Heart (look for cardiomegaly)
Iatrogenic (subclavian line, pacemakers)

Osteoarthritis: x-ray signs LOSS:
Loss of joint space
Osteopyhtes
Subcondral sclerosis
Subchondral cysts

MR imaging/ spectroscopy: important metabolites "Lying
Lazy No Good Crooks Collected My insurance":
Lipid: abnormal
Lactate: abnormal
NAA
Glutamine/glutamate
Creatinine/phosphocreatinine
Choline containing compounds
Myoinositol

Chest x-ray: differential diagnoses of shadow on the upper zones of
lung fields 5 Ts:
Thymoma
Thyroid (retrosternal)
Tuberculosis
Terrible lymphoma
Teratoma

Neck sagittal x-ray: examination checklist ABCD:
Anterior: look for swelling
Bones: examine each bone for fractures
Cartilage: look for slipped discs
Dark spots: ensure not abnormally big, or could mean excess blood

Head CT scan: evaluation checklist "Blood Can
Be Very Bad":
Blood
Cistern
Brain
Ventricles
Bone

Anterior mediastinal masses 4 T's:
Teratoma
Thymoma
Testicular-type
T-cell / Hodgkin's lymphoma

Chest radiograph: checklist to examine "Pamela Found
Our Rotation Particularly Exciting; Very Highly
Commended Mainly 'Cus She Arouses":
Patient details
Film details
Objects (eg. lines, electrodes)
Rotation
Penetration
Expansion
Vessels
Hila
Costophrenic angles
Mediastinum
Cardiothoracic Ratio
Soft tissues and bones
Air (diaphragm, pneumothorax, subcut. emphysema)

Upper/apical lobe infiltration/shadowing/fibrosis: causes 
BREASTS:
Beryllium
Radiation
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Ankylosing spondylitis/ Aspergillus
Sarcoidosis
TB
Siliconiosis

Psychiatry Mnemonics

Psychiatry Mnemonics

Male erectile dysfunction (MED): biological causes MED:
Medicines(propranalol, methyldopa, SSRI, etc.)
Ethanol
Diabetes mellitus

Middle adolescence (14-17 years): characteristics HERO:
Heterosexual crushes/ Homosexual Experience
Education regarding short term benefits
Risk taking
Omnipotence
· And there is interest in being a Hero (popular).

Autistic disorder: features AUTISTICS:
Again and again (repetitive behavior)
Unusual Abilities
Talking (language) delay
IQ subnormal
Social development poor
Three years onset
Inherited component [35% concordance]
Cognitive impairment
Self injury

Male Erectile Dysfunction (MED): drugs causing it "STOP
erection":
SSRI (fluoxtine)
Thioridazone
methyldOpa
Propranalol

Premature ejaculation: treatment 2 S's:
SSRIs [eg: fluoxitime]
Squeezing technique [glans pressure before climax]
· More detail with 2 more S's:
Sensate-focus excercises [relieves anxiety]
Stop and start method [5-6 rehearsals of stopping stimulation before
climax]

Narcolepsy: symptoms, epidemiology CHAP:
Cataplexy
Hallucinations
Attacks of sleep
Paralysis on waking
· Usual presentation is a young male, hence "chap".

Reinforcement schedules: variable ratio SLOT machines
show SLOwesTextinction.

Depression: major episode DSM-IV criteria · First, of course
depressed mood is one. Then:
SIG E CAPS:
Sleep disturbance
Interest loss
Guilt (or intense worthlessness)
Energy loss
Concentration loss
Appetite changes
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Suicidal tendency

HM: this classic patient's lesion HM had Hippocampus
Missing.
Hippocampus and surrounding areas were removed surgically: prevented formation
of new memories.

Cluster personality disorders Cluster A Disorder = 
Atypical. Unusual and eccentric.
Cluster B Disorder = Beast. Uncontrolled wildness.
Cluster C Disorder = Coward [avoidant type], Compulsive
[obsessive-compulsive type], or Clingy [dependent type].

Gain: primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary Primary: 
Patient's Psyche improved.
Secondary: Symptom Sympathy for patient.
Tertiary: Therapist's gain.

Depression: major episode characteristics SPACE DIGS:
Sleep disruption
Psychomotor retardation
Appetite change
Concentration loss
Energy loss
Depressed mood
Interest wanes
Guilt
Suicidal tendencies

Impotence causes PLANE:
Psychogenic: performance anxiety
Libido: decreased with androgen deficiency, drugs
Autonomic neuropathy: impede blood flow redirection
Nitric oxide deficiency: impaired synthesis, decreased blood pressure
Erectile reserve: can't maintain an erection

Sleep stages: features DElta waves during DEepest
sleep (stages 3 & 4, slow-wave).
dREaM during REMsleep.

AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC): features AIDS:
Atrophy of cortex
Infection/ Inflammation
Demyelination
Six months death

Kubler-Ross dying process: stages "Death Always
Brings Great Acceptance":
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Grieving
Acceptance

REM: features REM:
Rapid pulse/ Respiratory rate
Erection
Mental activity increase/ Muscle paralysis

Depression: symptoms BAD CRISES:
Behavioural change (slowing down or agitation)
Appetite change (weight loss or weight gain in the young)
Depressed look (looking down)
Concentration decrease (does not do serial 7s well)
Ruminations (constant negative thoughts, hopelessness good indicator of
suicidality)
Interest (reduced interest in what is normally pleasurable)
Sleep change (insomnia or hypersomnia, sleeping early, waking up at
night, waking up feeling tired)
Energy change (fatigue)
Suicide

Yalom's therapeutic factors ICU CAGES:
I still hope (installation of hope)
I'm part of information (imparting information)
Imitate behavior
Interpersonal learning
Corrective recapitulation of primary
Universality
Catharsis
Altruism
Group cohesiveness (glue)
Existential factors
Socializing techniques development

Borderline personality: traits PRAISE:
Paranoid ideas
Relationship instability
Affective instability/ Abandonment fears/ Angry outbursts
Impulsiveness/ Identity disturbance
Suicidal behaviour/ Self-harming behaviour
Emptiness

Substance dependence: features (DSM IV) "WITHDraw 
IT":
· 3 of 7 within 12 month period:
Withdrawal
Interest or Important activities given up or reduced
Tolerance
Harm to physical and psychosocial known but continue to use
Desire to cut down, control
Intended time, amount exceeded
Time spent too much

Dementia: main causes VITAMIN D VEST:
Vitamin deficiency (B12, folate, thiamine)
Intracranial tumour
Trauma (head injury)
Anoxia
Metabolic (diabetes)
Infection (postencephalitis, HIV)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Degenerative (Alzheimer's, Huntington's, CJD, etc)
Vascular (multi infarct dementia)
Endocrine (hypothyroid)
Space occupying lesion (chronic subdural haematoma)
Toxic (alcohol)

Mania: cardinal symptoms DIG FAST:
Distractibility
Indiscretion (DSM-IV's "excessive involvement in pleasurable activities")
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Activity increase
Sleep deficit (decreased need for sleep)
Talkativeness (pressured speech)

Depression criteria/symptoms A SAD FACES:
Appetite, weight changes
Sleep changes
Anhedonia
Dysphoria (low mood)
Fatigue
Agitation (psychomotor)
Concentration
Esteem
Suicide

Mania: diagnostic criteria Must have 3 of MANIAC:
Mouth (pressure of speech)/ Moodl
Activity increased
Naughty (disinhibition)
Insomnia
Attention (distractability)
Confidence (grandiose ideas)

Neuroleptic side effects onset The rule of 4's:
Dystonia: 4 hours-4 days
Akathesia: 4 days-40 days
Extrapyramidal symptoms: 4 days-4 weeks
Tardive dyskinesia: 4 months (greater than)
· Note that tardive is obviously the latest one to happen (tardive=tardy/late).
· Note that the first letters of these four classic symptoms spell "DATE", and
this mnemonic is the dates when they occur.

Anxiety disorders: physical illnesses mimicking them "Physical
Health Hazards That Appear Panciky":
Phaeochromocytoma
Hyperthyroidism
Hypoglycaemia
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Alcohol
Paroxysmal arrhythmias

Ganser syndrome: key diagnostic feature The word "Ganser"
is close to but not quite the word "Answer".
Ganser's syndrome is when patient gives an answer that is close to, but not
quite. For example 2+2=5.

Conversion disorder: etiology Conversion disorder: 
convert a conflict to a symptom.

Hallucinations: hypnogogic vs. hypnopompic definition "Hypnogogic
= go to sleep":
Hypnogogic hallucinations arise when go to sleep, hypnopompic arise when awaken.

Depression: major depression criteria DEAD SWAMP:
Depressed mood most of the day
Energy loss or fatigue
Anhedonia
Death thoughts (recurrent), suicidal ideation or attempts
Sleep disturbances (insomnia, hypersomnia)
Worthlessness or excessive guilt
Appetite or weight change
Mentation decreased (ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness)
Psychomotor agitation or retardation

Schizophrenia: negative features 4 A's:
Ambivalence
Affective incongruence
Associative loosening
Autism

Erikson's developmental stages "The sad tale of Erikson
Motors":
· The stages in order by age group:
Mr. Trust and MsTrust had an auto they were ashamed
of. She took the initiative to find the guilty party. She found
the industry was inferior. They were making cars with dents
[identity] and rolling fuses [role confusion]. Mr. N.T. Macy
[intimacy] isolated the problem, General TVT absorbed the
cost. In the end, they found the tires were just gritty and the should
have used de- spare!

Conduct disorder vs. Antisocial personality disorder Conduct
disorder is seen in Children.
Antisocial personality disorder is seen in Adults.

Parasomnias: time of onset SLeep terrors and SLeepwalking
occur during SLow-wave sleep (stages 3 & 4).
NightmaRE occurs during REM sleep (and is REMembered).

Depression: symptoms and signs (DSM-IV criteria) AWESOME:
Affect flat
Weight change (loss or gain)
Energy, loss of
Sad feelings/ Suicide thoughts or plans or attempts/ Sexual
inhibition/ Sleep change (loss or excess)/ Social withdrawal
Others (guilt, loss of pleasure, hopeless)
Memory loss
Emotional blunting

Biological symptoms in psychiatry SCALED:
Sleep disturbance
Concentration
Appetite
Libido
Energy
Diurnal mood variation

Psychiatric review of symptoms "Depressed Patients
Seem Anxious, So Claim Psychiatrists":
Depression and other mood disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder,
dysthymia)
Personality disorders (primarily borderline personality disorder)
Substance abuse disorders
Anxiety disorders (panic disorder with agoraphobia, obssessive-compulsive
disorder)
Somatization disorder, eating disorders (these two disorders are combined
because both involve disorders of bodily perception)
Cognitive disorders (dementia, delirium)
Psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, delusional disorder and psychosis
accompanying depression, substance abuse or dementia)

Depression UNHAPPINESS:
Understandable (such as bereavement, major stresses)
Neurotic (high anxiety personalities, negative parental upbringing
Hypochondriasis
Agitation (usually organic causes such as dementia
Pseudodementia
Pain
Importuniing (whingeing, complaining)
Nihilistic
Endogenous
Secondary (ie cancer at the head of the pancreas, bronchogenic cancer)
Syndromal

Depression: melancholic features (DSM IV) MELANcholic:
Morning worsening of symptoms/ psychoMotor agitation, retardation/
early Morning wakening
Excessive guilt
Loss of emotional reactivity
ANorexia/ ANhedonia