Saturday, August 15, 2015

Pathology Mnemonics

Pathology Mnemonics


Colon carcinoma: aeitiology CRAPS:
Chronic ulcerative colitis
Ratio of animal fat:fibre diet
Adenomatous polyps
Familial Polyposis
Strong family history of colon cancer.


Kawasaki Disease Criteria "Be careful when riding a 
Kawasaki
 motorcycle, you might get CREAMed.
Conjunctivitis (non-exudative)
Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular)
Edema (or erythema of hands or feet)
Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral)
Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting)
To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of
the above.


Neurofibromatoses: chromosome mutation locations in von Reckinghausen
(type I) vs. type II
 "von Recklinghausen" has 17 letters
and is due to a mutation on chromosome 17.
"Neurofibromatosis type 2" has 22 and is due to a mutation on
chromosome 22.


Wernickes encephalopathy: components WACO:
· Wernickes is:
Ataxia
Confusion (or clouded consciousness)
Ocular problems
· Note: Waco is the town in Texas, USA made famous for a standoff with a David
Koresh and the Branch Davidians.


Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): causes ARDS:
Aspiration/ Acute pancreatitis/ Air embolism/ Amniotic
embolism
Radiation
DIC/ Drugs/ Drowning/ Dialysis/ Diffuse lung
infection
Shock/ Sepsis/ Smoke inhalation


Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad WASTER:
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome is:
Thrombocytopenia
Eczema
Recurrent staphlococcal infections


Cardiovascular risk factors (Framingham) FRAMINGHAM:
Family history
Running (exercise)
Adiposity (obesity)
Marlboros (tobacco)
Insulin resistance (diabetes)
Non-regulated lipids (dyslipidaemia)
Georgie Pie (high fat diet)
Hypertension
Age
Male


Macrocytosis: Non-B12/folate causes ALPHA NERD:
Alcohol
Liver disease
Pregnancy
Hemaolysis (especially chronic)
Agglutination
Neoplasia (including myelodysplasia)
Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
Reticulocytes
Drugs (especially myelosuppressives like chemotherapy, anti-HIV meds)


Osteomyelitis: complications FIBRES:
Fractures
Intraosseous (broidie) abscesses
Bacteremi/ Brodie abscess
Reactive amyloidosis
Endocarditis
Sinus tracts/ Squamous cell CA


Polycystic ovarian disease: clinical features OHIO:
Oligomenorrhea
Hirsutism
Infertility
Obesity


Microcytic anemia: causes "Find Those Small
Cells":
Fe deficiency
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic
Chronic disease


Hirsutism vs. virilism Hirsutism: Hair on body
like a male.
Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like
a male.


Megaloblastic anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency vs. folate deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency also affects Brain (optic neuropathy,
subacute combined degeneration, paresthesia).
· Folate deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms.


Symptoms of TTP/HUS "Nasty Fever Ruined
MTubes":
Neurological symptoms
Fever
Renal failure
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Thrombocytopenia


Hemophilia: type A factor Hemophilia A: problems with
VIII factor (number V as an inverted A).


Thyroid carcinoma: frequency "Please Feel My
A$$":
In order of most frequent to least frequent, and in order from least aggressive
to most aggressive:
Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Anaplastic carcinoma


Cardiovascular risk factors FLASH BODIES:
Family history
Lipids
Age
Sex
Homocystinaemia
Blood pressure
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
Inflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis
Exercise
Smoking


Hypokalaemia: clinical features TIMID CHIMP:
Tetany
Increases paralytic ileus (aggravates)
Muscle weakness
Increases possibility of hepatic encephalopathy
Digoxin toxicity
Cardiac arrythmias
Hypotonia
Increases P-R interval, T wave and prominent U wave
Muscle cramps
Polyuria


Diabetes: short list of complications SHAKE:
Stroke
Heart attack
Amputations
Kidney disease
Eyes (vision loss)


Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as
nephritic syndrome
 PARIS:
Post-streptococcal
Alport's
RPGN
IgA nephropathy
SLE
· Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of
RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic
nephritic list].


Osteosarcoma: features PEARL HARBOR:
Paget's disease (10-20%)*
Early age (10-20 yrs)
Around knee
Raised periosteum by expanding tumor: "sunburst pattern"
Lace-like architecture
Hyaline arteoriosclerosis
Alkaline phosphatase increased
Retinoblastoma*
Boys, predominantly
Osteomyelitis DDx
Radiation*
· Sunburst pattern was Japanese Navy emblem during WWII.
*: Predisposing factors.


Edwards' syndrome: characteristics EDWARDS:
Eighteen (trisomy)
Digit overlapping flexion
Wide head
Absent intellect (mentally retarded)
Rocker-bottom feet
Diseased heart
Small lower jaw


Fragile X syndrome: features FEMALES
FMR1 gene
Exhibits anticpation
Macro-orchidism
Autism
Long face with large jaw
Everted eyes
Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation


Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1 treatment aCHAlasia:
1 possible cause: CHAgas' disease
1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers


Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic
disease
 TIBC levels at the:
Top=Iron deficiency.
Bottom=Chronic disease.


Colon cancer: risk factors HULA:
Heridity/ Heriditary diseases
Ulcerative colitis
Low fibre, high fat diet
Adenomatous polyps


COPD: blue bloater vs. pink puffer diseases emPhysema
has letter P (and not B) so Pink Puffer.
chronic Bronchitis has letter B (and not P) so Blue Bloater.


Macrocytic anaemia: differential FAT RBC:
Fetus (pregnancy)
Alcohol
Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism)
Reticulocytosis
B12 and folate deficiency
Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease


MI: post-MI complications ACT RAPID:
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
Congestive cardiac failure
Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders
Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)
Aneurysm (ventricle)
Pericarditis
Infaction (a second one)
Death/ Dressler's syndrome


Hypersplenism: criteria "Hyper Splenism Ravages
Cells":
Hypercellular or normal marrow
Splenomegaly
Response to splenectomy
Cytopenias


Whipple's disease: full features WHIPPLES:
Weight loss
Hyperpigmentation of skin
Infection with tropheryma whippelii
PAS positive granules in macrophage
Polyarthritis
Lymphadenopathy
Enteric involvement
Steatorrhea


Pick's disease: features PICK:
Progressive degeneration of neurons
Intracytoplasmic Pick bodies
Cortical atrophy
Knife edge gyri


Alzheimer's disease (AD): associations, findings AD:
· Associations:
Aluminum toxicity
Acetylcholine deficiencies
Amyloid B
Apolipoprotein gene E
Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert
Down's
· Findings:
Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies)
Atrophy of brain
Amyloid plaques
Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation
DNA-coiled tangles
Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed


Osteomalacia: features "Vit-D deficiency in ADULT":
Acetabuli protrusio
Decresed bone density
Under mineralization of osteoid
Looser's zone (pseudofracture)
Triradiate pelvis (females)


Anemia (normocytic): causes ABCD:
Acute blood loss
Bone marrow failure
Chronic disease
Destruction (hemolysis)


Phaeochromocytoma: diagnositc rule · Rule of 10's:
10% ectopic
10% multiple
10% malignant


Hematuria: urethral causes NUTS:
Neoplasm
Urethritis
Tumour
Stone


CREST sydrome: components CREST:
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomena
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangectasia


TTP: clinical features Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia 
PARTNER
 together:
Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
Renal failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ERadmission (as it is an emergency)


Pancreatitis: causes BAD S#!T:
Biliary: gallstones, 1% of ERCP patients
Alcoholism/ Azotemia
Drugs
Scorpion bite/ Sea anenome/ SLE
Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia
Idiopathic/ Infectious (mumps, coxsackie, salmonella, ascariasis)
Tumor/ Trauma
· The drugs are: penacillamine, furosemide, thiazides, ethacrynic acid,
steroids, sulfas, ace inhibitors, N-SAIDs, erythromycin, estrogen.


Fragile-X syndrome: features DSM-4:
Discontinued chromosome staining
Shows anticipation
Male (male more affected)
Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)
Macrognathia
Macroorchidism


Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors HONDA:
Hypertension
Obesity
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Age (increased)


Kawasaki's disease: features FEAR ME:
Fever
Eye: perilimbic sparing conjunctival injection
Adenopathy: usually cervical
Rash
Mouth: red lips
Extremities: red hands and feet
· Disease to be feared because of risk of coronary aneurysms.


Pheochromocytoma: common symptoms 5 P's:
Paroxysmal rise in BP
Palpitations
Perspiration
Pain in abdomen
PMV in urine


IBD: extraintestinal manifestations "Left intestine to sail
the SEAS of the rest of the body":
Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum
Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis
Arthritis
Sclerosing cholangitis


MI: complications "LEAP on the MAP":
LVF
Embolism (systemic)
Aneurysm (ventricular)
Progressive infarction
Myocardial rupture
Arrhythmia
Pericarditis


Portal hypertension: features ABCDE:
Ascites
Bleeding (haematemesis, piles)
Caput medusae
Diminished liver
Enlarged spleen


Alzheimer's disease: features RONALD (Ronald Reagan,
a famous victim):
Reduction of Ach
Old age
Neurofibrillary tangles
Atrophy of cerebral cortex (diffuse)
Language impairment
Dementia (MC in elderly)/ Down's syndrome


Gout: major features GOUT:
Great toe
One joint (75% monoarticular)
Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis)
Tophi


Seronegative spondyloarthopathy: diseases RAPE:
Reiter's syndrome
Ankylosing spondylitis
Psoriatic arthitis
Enteropathic arthitis (IBD)


Protein C, Protein S: function C and S are:
Clot
Stoppers
· These proteins inhibit coagulation.


Melanoma vs. basal cell, squamous cell carcinoma: metastatic ability
MElanoma is more likely to
MEtastasize.
· Basal and squamous hardly ever metastasize.


Hepatocellular carcinoma: aetiology, features ABC:
Aetiology:
Aflatoxins
Hep B
Cirrhosis
· Features:
AFP increased (classic marker)
Bile-producing (DDx from cholangiocarcinoma)
Commonest primary liver tumor


Goitre: differential GOITRE:
Goitrogens
Onset of puberty
Iodine deficiency
Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto's]
Reproduction [pregnancy]
Enzyme deficiencies


Renal failure (chronic): consequences ABCDEFG:
Anemia
-due to less EPO
Bone alterations
-osteomalacia
-osteoporosis
-von Recklinghausen
Cardiopulmonary
-atherosclerosis
-CHF
-hypertension
-pericarditis
D vitamin loss
Electrolyte imbalance
-sodium loss/gain
-metabolic acidosis
-hyperkalemia
Feverous infections
-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards
GI disturbances
-haemorrhagic gastritis
-peptic ulcer disease
-intractable hiccups


Adrenal disorders: Cushing's vs Addison's Cushing: is
Gushing cortisol.
In Addison's: patient's cortisol doesn't Add up.


Aneurysm types MAD SCAB:
Mycotic
Atherosclerotic
Dissecting
Syphilitic
Capillary microaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
Berry


Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings "Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria
Lipid up
Edema
Albumin down
Cholesterol up
· In nephrotic, the proteins leakout.


Ovarian cancers: important types, by WHO classification ·
Surface:
"MSister Began Experiencing Cancer":
Mucinous
Serous
Brenner
Endometrioid
Clear
· Germ cell:
"Doctor Examined The Ovaries":
Dysgerminoma
Endometrial sinus
Teratoma
Ovarian choriocarcinoma
· Sex cord:
"She Felt Grim":
Sertoli-Leydig
Fibroma
Granulosa-theca
· Metastatic
"Killed":
Krukenberg


Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus FLAME:
Fatty Liver
Anemia
Malabsorption
Edema


Hemolytic anemia types SHEEP T!T:
Sickle cell
Heriditary splenocytosis
Enzyme deficiencies: [G6P, pyruvate kinase]
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Trauma to RBCs
Immunohemolytics: [warm Ab, cold Ag]
Thalassemias: [alpha, beta]


Oral cancer risks PATH LAB:
Plummer-vinson syndrome
Alcohol
Tobacco
Human papilloma virus
Leukoplakia
Asbestos
Bad oral hygiene


Pneumothorax: presentation P-THORAX:
Pleuretic pain
Trachea deviation
Hyperresonance
Onset sudden
Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
Absent fremitus
X-ray shows collapse


Disseminated Intravascular Cogulation: causes DIC:
Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications)
Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological
Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach)
· Obstretrical complications are TEAR:
Toxemia of pregnancy
Emboli (amniotic)
Abrutio placentae
Retain fetus products


Leukemias: acute vs. chronic rules of thumb ABCDE:
Acute is:
Blasts predominate
Children
Drastic course
Elderly
Few WBC's (so Fevers)
· Chronic is all the opposites:
Mature cells predominate
Middle aged
Less debilitating course
Elevated WBC's, so not a history of fevers and infections


Pancreatitis: causes PANCREATITIS:
Posterior
Alcohol
Neoplasm
Cholelithiasis
Rx (lasix, AZT)
ERCP
Abdominal surgery
Trauma
Infection (mumps)
Triglycerides elevated
Idiopathic
Scorpion bite


Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs FAT RN:
Fever
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal problems
Neurologic dysfunction


Scrotum masses SHOVE IT:
Spermatocele
Hydrocele/ Haematocele
Orchitis
Varicocele
Epidymal cyst
Indirect inguinal hernia
Torsion/ Tumor


Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for
diagnosis:
Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
Idiopathic polymorphic rash
Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate
criteria]


Pancoast tumor: relationship with Horner's syndrome "Horner
has a MAP of the Coast":
A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the
cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner's syndrome, which is MAP:
Miosis
Anhidrosis
Ptosis


Pericarditis: findings PERICarditis:
Pulsus paradoxus
ECG changes
Rub
Increased JVP
Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward]


Calculi: types CAlCUli:
Calcium
Ammonium magnesium phosphate
Cystine
Uric acid


Fat embolism: findings "FatBatFract":
Fat in urine, sputum
Bat-wing lung x-ray
Fracture history
· Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli.


Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding "Birbeck's rackets
is X":
Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X.
Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation.


Pulmonary fibrosis: differential of both upper and lower lobes
BREAST SCAR:
· Upper lobe:
Beryliosis
Radiation
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Sarcoidosis
TB
· Lower lobe:
Systemic sclerosis
Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
Asbestosis
Radiation


Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings Pseduogout
crystals are:
Positive birefringent
Polygon shaped
· Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals.
· Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.


Pulmonary embolism: risk factors 7 H's:
Hereditary (eg factor V Leyden, protein C or S deficiency)
History (previous DVT or PE)
Hypomobility (fracture, CVA, severe illness, obesity, long trip)
Hypovolaemia (nephrotic syndrome, dehydration)
Hypercoagulability (smoking, malignancy)
Hormones (oestrogens [esp. in OCP], puerperium)
Hyperhomocysteinaemia


APKD: signs, complications, accelerators 11 B's:
· Signs:
Bloody urine
Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain]
Blood pressure up
Bigger kidneys
Bumps palpable
· Complications:
Berry aneurysm
Biliary cysts
Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems]
· Accelerators:
Boys
Blacks
Blood pressure high


Barter's syndrome: pathogenesis, major sign Barter: "In
exchange for giving away Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".


Thyrotoxicosis syndrome: signs and symptoms "A Penny
For Every Symptom That Hyperthyroidism Will
Make Grossly Evident":
Anxiety
Palpitations/ Pulse rapid
Fatigability
Emotional lability
Sweating
Tremor
Heat intolerance
Weight loss with good appetite
Muscular weakness/ Menstrual changes
Goitre
Eye changes


Peptic ulcer: associated causative factors SHAZAM:
Smoking
Hypercalcemia
Aspirin
Zollinger-Ellison
Acidity
MEN type I
· These may work with H. pylori to promote ulceration, or may act alone.


Carcinoid syndrome: components CARCinoid:
Cutaneous flushing
Asthmatic wheezing
Right sided valvular heart lesions
Cramping and diarrhea


Anemia causes (simplified) ANEMIA:
Anemia of chronic disease
No folate or B12
Ethanol
Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies
Iron deficient
Acute & chronic blood loss


Gynecomastia: causes DaLAS:
Digitalis
Leydig cell tumors
Alcohol
Sertoli cell tumors


Pick's disease: location, action, epidemiology · See figure.
Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman's cerebral cortex,
causing cortical atrophy.
2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal.
An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women.


Multiple sclerosis (MS): pathology MS attacks the 
M
yelin Sheath, resulting in plaques.


Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers NASOPharyngeal:
Nasophayngeal
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Olfactory neuroblastoma
Plasmacytoma


TB: features TB is characterised by 4 C's:
Caseation
Calcification
Cavitation
Cicatrization


Gallstones/cholecystitis: risk factors 5 F's:
Fat
Female
Family history
Fertile
Forty


Rheumatoid arthritis: features RHEUMATOID:
Ragocytes/ Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG)
HLA-DR4/ HLA-Dw4
ESR increase/ Extra-articular features (restrictive lung disease,
subcutaneous nodules)
Ulnar deviation
Morning stiffness/ MCP joint
Ankylosis/ Atlantoaxial joint subluxation/ Autoimmune/ ANA
T-cells (CD4)/ TNF
Osteopenia
Inflammatory synovial tissue/ Idiopathic/ IL-1
Deformities (swan-neck, boutonniere)


Neuroblastoma: features N-MYC:
Nuclei have "double minutes"
Malignant
Young
Catecholamine secreting
· And hallmark is n-mycamplification.


Lou Gehrig's is both upper and lower motor neuron signs LoU
Lower & Upper.


Dandy-Walker syndrome: components "Dandy Walker
Syndrome":
Dilated 4th ventricle
Water on the brain
Small vermis


Cerebral palsy: general features PALSY:
Paresis
Ataxia
Lagging motor development
Spasticity
Young


Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms HIPPEL:
Hemanigoblastomas
Increased renal cancer
Pheochromocytoma
Port-wine stains
Eye dysfunction
Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts
· Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above.


Bronchial obstruction: consequences APPLE BABE:
Atelectasis
Pleural adhesions
Pleuritis
Lipid pneumonia
Effusion->organisation->fibrosis
Bronchiectasis
Abscess
Broncho and lobar pneumonia
Emphysema


Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms MARBLES:
Multiple fractures
Anemia
Restricted cranial nerves
Blind & deaf
Liver enlarged
Erlenmeyer flask deformity
Splenomegaly
· Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram).


Heart failure causes "HEART MADIE":
Hypertension
Embolism
Anemia
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)
Myocardial infarct
Arrythmia
Y
Diet & lifestyle
Infection
Endocarditis


Renal failure: causes AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis
Vascular obstruction
Infection
Diffuse intravascular coagulation
Glomerular disease
Urinary obstruction
Tubulointerstitial nephritis


Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components MEN 
III
 is a disease of 3 M's:
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma)
Mucosal neuroma


Ulcerative colitis: features ULCERATIONS:
Ulcers
Large intestine
Carcinoma [risk]
Extraintestinal manifestations
Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps]
Abscesses in crypts
Toxic megacolon [risk]
Inflamed, red, granular mucosa
Originates at rectum
Neutrophil invasion
Stools bloody


Virchow's triad (venous thrombosis) "VIRchow":
Vascular trauma
Increased coagulability
Reduced blood flow (stasis)


Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group "Explaining
Hot Neck Stiffness":
· In order from birth to death:
E. coli [infants]
Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids]
Neisseria meningitis [young adults]
Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks]


Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors ENDOMET:
Elderly
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Obesity
Menstrual irregularity
Estrogen therapy
hyperTension


Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation · Morphology is
poly-C:
Cysts
Capsule thickened
Cortical stromal fibrosis
· Clinical presentation is OVARY:
Obese
Virilism or hirsutism
Amenorrhoea
Reproductive problem [infertile]
Young woman


Parkinson's disease: symptoms PQRST:
Paucity of expression
parQinson
Rigidity (cogwheel)
Stooped posture
Tremor at rest
· If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor",
look at the last 3 letters: RST.


Kawasaki disease: features Disease name: a Kawasaki
motorcycle.
Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.
Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.
Fever: thermometer.
Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.
Generalized rash: rash dots.
Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.
Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.
Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.
Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.


Interstitial lung disease: causes SARCOIDI:
Sarcoidosis
Allergic reaction
Radiation
Connective tissue disease
Occupational exposure
Infection
Drugs
Idiopathic


Herpes I and II: lab findings. She's an odd chick: whenever
she's in a restaurant, she always orders Her Peas and Cow
dry.
Herpes I and II have CowdryType A inclusion bodies


Emphysema: types, most important feature of each "Cigarettes
IPrimary Problem":
· Types:
Centrilobular
Irregular
Pancinar
Paraseptal
· Most important feature for each type (in order as above):
Cigarrettes
Inflammation healed to scar
Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin)
Pneumothorax
· "Cigarettes is primary problem" used since cigarettes is most common cause of
emphysema.
· Keeping P's straight: Pan is antitrypsin.


Calcification: metastatic vs. dystrophic Metastatic:
Metabolism imbalance.
Dystrophic: Damaged tissue.


Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad "Iron man triathalon":
Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues.
· Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad:
Swimming: Skin pigmentation
Biking: Bronze diabetes
Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis


COPD: 4 types and hallmark ABCDE:
Asthma
Brochiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Dyspnea [hallmark of group]
Emphysema
· Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.


MEN I (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) syndrome: components "Please
Please Pay Attention Tpeptic ulceration,
you worms":
· Adenomas of:
Pituatary
Pancreatic islets
Parathyroid
Adrenal cortex
Thyroid, associated with peptic ulceration
· Syndrome is called "Wermer's syndrome".


Lung cancer: presentation ABCDE:
Snowball turned to Avalanche
Blood: hemoptysis
Cough
Distruption to airway in bronchus-->pneumonia
whEEzing


Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler
ultrasound
Venography is gold standard
Tenderness of Thigh and calf


Addison's disease: features ADDISON:
Autoimmune
DIC (meningcoccus)
Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency
Iatrogenic
Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis
hypOtension/ hypOnatermia
Nelson's syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH]


Breast cancer: risk assessment "Risk can be assessed by 
History ALONE
":
History (family, previous episode)
Abortion/ Age (old)
Late menopause
Obesity
Nulliparity
Early menarche


McArdle's syndrome MCARDLES:
Myoglobinuria
Cramping after exercise
Accumulated glycogen
Recessive inheritance
Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase
Lactate levels fail to rise
Elevated creatine kinase
Skeletal muscle only


Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major risk factors
PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress
syndrome):
Prematurity
Cesarean section
Diabetic mother


Deep venous thrombosis: genetic causes ALASCA:
Antithrombin III
Leiden (Factor V)
APC (Activated Protein C)
S-protein deficiency
C-protein deficiency
Antiphospholipid antibody


Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone "Particular
Tumours Love Killing Bone":
Prostate
Thyroid
Lung
Kidney
Breast


Cushing syndrome CUSHING:
Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber
weakness/ Comedones (acne)
Urinary free corisol and glucose increase
Striae/ Suppressed immunity
Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism
Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids)
Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)
Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation


Apoptosis vs. necrosis "LIFELESS" (since cells are
dead):
· Differences are in:
Leaky membranes
Inflammatory response
Fate
Extent
Laddering
Energy dependent
Swell or shrink
Stimulus


Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II ketONE bodies are
seen in type ONEdiabetes.


Baldness risk factors "Daddy Doesn't Deny
Getting Hair Implants":
Diet
Disease
Drugs
Genes
Hormones
Injury to the scalp


Tabes Dorsalis morphology DORSALIS:
Dorsal column degeneration
Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints)
Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
Shooting pain
Argyll-Robertson pupils
Locomotor ataxia
Impaired proprioception
Syphilis


Buerger's disease features "burger SCRAPS":
Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis
Claudication (intermittent)
Raynaud's phenomenon
Associated with smoking
Pain, even at rest
Superficial nodular phlebitis
· Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], "CRISP PIG burgers":
Chronic ulceration
Raynaud's phenomenon
Intermittent claudication
Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis
Pain, even at rest
Phlebitis (superficial nodular)
Idiopathic
Gangrene


PKU findings PKU:
Pale hair, skin
Krazy (neurological abnormalities)
Unpleasant smell


Atherosclerosis risk factors SHIFT MAID:
Smoking
Hypertension
(N)IDDM
Family history
Triglycerdides & fats
Male
Age
Inactivity
Diet / Drink


Parkinsonism: essential features TRAPS:
Tremor (resting tremor)
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural changes (stooped)
Stare (serpentine stare)
· To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that
follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped.


Thrombus: possible fates DOPE:
Dissolution
Organization & repair
Propagation
Embolization


Turner syndrome: components CLOWNS:
Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)
Lymphoedema
Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)
Webbed neck
Nipples widely spaced
Short


MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI "Time to 
CAL
L 911":
· From first to appear to last:
Troponin
CK-MB
AST
LDH1


Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad "PET WASP":
Pyrogenic infections
Eczema
Thrombocytopenia
· WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein.
· Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm.


Sarcoidosis summarized SARCOIDOISIS:
Schaumann calcifications
Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy
Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung
disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells
Ocular lesions
Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase
Diabetes insipidus/ [D vit.] increase/ Dyspnea
Osteopathy
Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum)
Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1
Seventh CN palsy


Blood disorders: commoner sex HE (male) gets:
HEmophilia (X-linked)
HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked)
HEmochromatosis (male predominance)
HEart attacks (male predominance)
HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance)
SHE (female) gets:
SHEehan's syndrome


Thyroid storm characteristics "Storm HITS girls cAMP":
Thyroid storm due to:
Hyperthyroidism
Infection or Illness at childbirth
Trauma
Surgery
· girls: Thyroid storm more common in females.
· cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via
cAMP)
· Alternatively: "S#IT storm": Surgery, Hyperthyroidism, 
I
nfection/ Illness, Trauma.


Hypothyroidism/thyroiditis: maifestations and morphology "A
SCHISM
 among the Axis during WWII":
Addison disease
Subacute thyroiditis
Cretinism/ Cold intolerance/ Constipation
Hashimoto's disease
Infectious-subacute thyroiditis
Silent thyroiditis
Myxedema coma
· The Axis: Schimidt syndrome (when other endocrinology disorders accompany
Hashimoto's disease) and "Hitler cells" (Hurthle cells, which are follicular
epithelial cells with basophilic inculsions)


Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common symptoms "PHEochromocytoma":
Palpitations
Headache
Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis)


Necrosis: the 4 types "Life Can Get 
C
omplicated":
Liquifactive
Coagulation
Gangrene
Caseous
· 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'.


Thyroid carcinoma: features, prognosis of most popular Most
Popular is Papillary.
· Clinical features:
Papillae (branching)
Palpable lymph nodes
"Pupil" nuclei (Orphan Annie)
Psammoma bodies within lesion (often)
· Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%).


Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones Crohn's
has Cobblestones on endoscopy.


Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis
DARK:
Diuretics
Alcohol
Renal disease
Kicked (trauma)
· And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"].


Paget's disease of bone: signs and symptoms Four L's:
Larger hat size
Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve
Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face)
Light-headed (Paget's steal)


Wernicke-Korsakoff triad Syndrome in alchoholics, who love
to "drink CANs of beer":
Confusion
Ataxia
Nystagmus


Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis: findings COAT RACK:
· Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute phase):
Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia
Ataxia
Thiamine tx.
· Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic phase):
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Confabulation
Korsakoff's psychosis


Atherosclerosis risk factors "You're a SAD BET with
these risk factors":
Sex: male
Age: middle-aged, elderly
Diabetes mellitus
BP high: hypertension
Elevated cholesterol
Tobacco


Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy (DMD) : Doesn't Make Dystrophin.
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made
Dystrophin (a truncated protein).


Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) subtype classification
Each subtype has 2 or 3 causes, plus something 1 or 2 more items.
MEN I is disease of 3 P's: [Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas]
plus one more: adrenal cortex.
MEN II is disease of 2 C's: [Carcinoma of thyroid, Catacholamines
(pheochromocytoma)] plus two more: parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous
neuromas for MEN IIB (also called MEN III).


Takayasu's disease is Pulseless disease "Can't Tak'a ya
pulse" (Can't take your pulse):
Takayasu's disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the
upper extremities.


Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels "Bones,
StonesGroansMoans":
Bones: pain in bones
Stones: renal
Groans: pain
Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state


Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs] 6 P's:
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Perishingly cold


Hodgkin's lymphoma classification AAsymptomatic
BBad


Lichen planus characteristics Planus has 4 P's:
Peripheral
Polygonal
Pruritus
Purple


Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes CHAPS:
Cushing's syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome]
Aorta coarctation
Phaeochromocytoma
Stenosis of renal arteries
· Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary.


Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes Common are 3
C's:
Cirrhosis
Carcinoma
Cardiac failure
Rarer are 3 C's:
Cholestasis
Cysts
Cellular infiltration


MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI "C-AST-Le"
(castle):
CK-MB first
AST second
LDH third
· Also: can use the last 'E' for ESR.


Pulmonary embolism: risk factors TOM SCHREPFER:
Trauma
Obesity
Malignancy
Surgery
Cardiac disease
Hospitalization
Rest [bed-ridden]
Elderly
Past history
Fracture
Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum]
Road trip

Orthopedics Mnemonics


Orthopedics Mnemonics


Sacroiliitis: causes PUB CAR:
Psoriasis
Ulcerative colitis
Behcet's disease
Crohn's disease
Ankylosing spondyli


Fracture: description BLT LARD:
Bone
Location on bone
Type of fracture
Lengthening
Angulation
Rotation
Displacement


Nonunion of bones: differential You need a SPLINT:
Soft tissue interposition
Position of reduction (too much traction, immobilization, or movement)
Location (eg. lower third of tibia slow to heal)
Infection
Nutritional (damaged vessels or diseased bone)
Tumor (pathological fracture)


Joints classification, by amount of allowed movement at joint
SAD:
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses


Fracture: describing (short version) DOCTOR:
Displaced vs. non-displaced
Open vs. closed
Complete vs. incomplete
Transverse fracture vs. linear fracture
Open Reduction vs. closed reduction


Forearm: fractures "Break the forearm of the MUGR
(mugger)":
Monteggia=Ulna
Galeazzi=Radius


Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV, clubfoot): major physical
findings
 CAVE:
Cavus
Adduction
Varus
Equinus


Bone fracture types [for Star Wars fans] GO C3PO:
Greenstick
Open
Complete/ Closed/ Comminuted
Partial
Others
· Note: C3P0 is droid in the Star-Wars movies.


Pagets disease of bone: signs and symptoms PANICS:
Pain
Arthralgia
Nerve compression / Neural deafness
Increased bone density
Cardiac failure
Skull / Sclerotic vertebrae


Fracture: how to describe PLASTER OF PARIS:
Plane
Location
Articular cartilage involvement
Simple or comminuted
Type (eg Colles')
Extent
Reason
Open or closed
Foreign bodies
disPlacement
Angulation
Rotation
Impaction
Shortening


Fractures: principles of management FRIAR:
First aid
Reduction
Immobilisation
Active Rehabilitation


Forearm fractures: bone in Monteggia vs. Galeazzi Monteggia
is fracture of ulna.
Therefore, Galeazzi is fracture of radius.


Salter Harris fracture classification Salter Harris,
modified to SALTR:
type 1: Slipped epiphysis
type 2: Above the eiphyseal plate
type 3: Lower than the eiphyseal plate
type 4: Through both above and below eiphyseal plate
type 5: Raised epiphysis, as in a compression injury
· Salter Harris classification utilises visualising long bone distal portion
with diaphysis superiorly placed and epiphysis inferiorly placed.


Carpal tunnel syndrome: treatment WRIST:
Wear splints at night
Rest
Inject steroid
Surgical decompression
Take diuretics


Monoarthritis differential GHOST:
Gout
Haemarthrosis
Osteoarthritis
Sepsis
Trauma


Bryant's traction: position BrYant's traction:
Bent Y.
· Patient's body is the stem of the Y laying on the bed, and legs are the ends
of the Y up in the air.


Osteosarcoma: risk factors PRIMARY:
Paget's
Radiation
Infaction of bone
Male
Alcohol, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle [adults only]
Retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Young [10-20 yrs]
· Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone.

Ophthalmology Mnemonics


Ophthalmology Mnemonics


Choroidal neovascular membrane HAMMAR:
Histoplasmosis
ARMD
Multifocal Choroiditis
Myopia
Angiod
Rupture of the choroid


Periorbital cellulitis: etiology SIGHT:
Sinusitis
Insect Bite
Globular/ Glandular Spread
Heme Spread
Trauma


Optic atrophy causes ICING:
Ischaemia
Compressed nerve
Intracranial pressure [raised]
Neuritis history
Glaucoma


Red eye causes GO SUCK:
Glaucoma
Orbital disease
Scleritis
Uveitis
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis


Anopsia: quarantic anopsia: location of lesion Upper: Top:
Temporal lesions.
Lower: Pits: Parietal lesions.


Cataracts: causes ABCDE:
Aging
Bang: trauma, other injuries (eg infrared)
Congenital
Diabetes and other metabolic disturbances (eg steroids)
Eye diseases: glaucoma, uveitis


Diplopia (uniocular): causes ABCD:
Astigmatism
Behavioral: psychogenic
Cataract
Dislocated lens


Corneal stromal dystrophies "Marilyn Monroe 
G
ets High in LA":
Macular: Mucopolysaccharide
Granular: Hyaline
Lattice: Amyloid


Nasopharyngeal cancer: classic symptoms NOSE:
Neck mass
Obstructed nasal passage
Serous otitis media externa
Epistaxis and discharge


Cataracts: differential CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (DM, Wilsons, etc)


Dacryocystitis, dacryoadenitis: apparatus affected Dacryocystitis,
dacryadenitis:
· Cry, so affects lacrimal gland.
· Infection and inflammation, respectively.


Cataracts: causes CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (diabetes mellitus, Wilson's)

Oncology Mnemonics


Oncology Mnemonics


Tumors that metastasize to skin BLOCK:
Breast
Lung
Ovary
Colon
Kidney


Prognotic factors for cancer: general PROGNOSIS:
Presentation (time & course)
Response to treatment
Old (bad prog.)
Good intervention (i.e. early)
Non-compliance with treatment
Order of differentiation (>1 cell type)
Stage of disease
Ill health
Spread (diffuse)


Lung cancer: main sites for distant metastases BLAB:
Bone
Liver
Adrenals
Brain


Lung cancer: notorious consequences SPEECH:
Superior vena cava syndrome
Paralysis of diaphragm (Phrenic nerve)
Ectopic hormones
Eaton-Lambert syndrome
Clubbing
Horner syndrome/ Hoarseness


TIGAN (Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride): indication TIGAN:
This IGood Against Nausea


Mole: signs of trouble ABCDE:
Asymmetry
Border irregular
Colour irregular
Diameter usually > 0.5cm
Elevation irregular


Dermatomyositis or polymyositis: risk of underlying malignancy
Risk is 30% at age 30.
Risk is 40% at age 40, and so on.


Pituitary endocrine functions often affected by pituitary-associated
tumor
 "GLook For the Adenoma Please":
· Tropic hormones affected by growth tumor are:
GnRH
LSH
FSH
ACTH
Prolactin function


Esophageal cancer: risk factors ABCDEF:
Achalasia
Barret's esophagus
Corrosive esophagitis
Diverticuliis
Esophageal web
Familial

Obstetrics & Gynecology Mnemonics


Obstetrics & Gynecology Mnemonics


Post-partum examination simplified checklist BUBBLES:
Breast
Uterus
Bowel
Bladder
Lochia
Episotomy
Surgical site (for Cesarean section)


Cardiotocogram (CTG) interpretation Dr. C. BraVADO
Define Risk
Contractions (in 10 mins)
Baseline Rate (should be 110-160)
Variability (should be greater than 5)
Accelerations
Decelerations
Overall (normal or not)


Postpartum collapse: causes HEPARINS:
Hemorrhage
Eclampsia
Pulmonary embolism
Amniotic fluid embolism
Regional anaethetic complications
Infarction (MI)
Neurogenic shock
Septic shock
Multiple pregnancy complications HI, PAPA:
Hydramnios (Poly)
IUGR
Preterm labour
Antepartum haemorrhage
Pre-eclampsia
Abortion


Omental caking: likeliest cause Omental CAking
Ovarian CA
· "Omental caking" is term for ascities, plus a fixed upper abdominal and pelvic
mass. Almost always signifies ovarian cancer.


IUD: side effects PAINS:
Period that is late
Abdominal cramps
Increase in body temperature
Noticeable vaginal discharge
Spotting


Labour: preterm labor causes DISEASE:
Dehydration
Infection
Sex
Exercise (strenuous)
Activities
Stress
Environmental factor (job, etc)


Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): first line treatment
Treat PCOS with OCP's(oral contraceptive pills).


Antepartum hemorrhage (APH): major differential APH:
Abruptio placentae
Placenta previa
Hemorrhage from the GU tract


Miscarriage: recurrent miscarriage causes RIBCAGE:
Radiation
Immune reaction
Bugs (infection)
Cervical incompetence
Anatomical anomaly (uterine septum etc.)
Genetic (aneuploidy, balanced translocation etc.)
Endocrine


Shoulder dystocia: management HELPER:
Call for Help
Episiotomy
Legs up [McRoberts position]
Pressure subrapubically [not on fundus]
Enter vagina for shoulder rotation
Reach for posterior shoulder and deliver posterior shoulder/ Return
head into vagina [Zavanelli maneuver] for C-section/ Rupture clavicle or
pubic symphisis


Labour: factors which determine rate and outcome of labour 3
P's:
Power: stength of uterine contractions
Passage: size of the pelvic inlet and outlet
Passenger: the fetus--is it big, small, have anomalies, alive or dead


Alpha-fetoprotein: some major causes for increased maternal serum AFP
during pregnancy
 TOLD:
Testicular tumours
Obituary (fetal death)
Liver: hepatomas
Defects (neural tube defects)


Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): 3 major causes DUB:
Don't ovulate (anovulation: 90% of cases)
Unusual corpus leuteum activity (prolonged or insufficient)
Birth control pills (since increases progesterone-estrogen ratio)


IUGR: causes IUGR:
Inherited: chromosomal and genetic disorders
Uterus: placental insufficency
General: maternal malnutrition, smoking
Rubella and other congenital infecton


Early cord clamping: indications RAPID CS:
Rh incompatibility
Asphyxia
Premature delivery
Infections
Diabetic mother
CS(caesarian section) previously, so the funda is RAPID CS


Oral contraceptives: side effects CONTRACEPTIVES:
Cholestatic jaundice
Oedema (corneal)
Nasal congestion
Thyroid dysfunction
Raised BP
Acne/ Alopecia/ Anaemia
Cerebrovascular disease
Elevated blood sugar
Porphyria/ Pigmentation/ Pancreatitis
Thromboembolism
Intracranial hypertension
Vomiting (progesterone only)
Erythema nodosum/ Extrapyramidal effects
Sensitivity to light


Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): causes, effects "PID 
CAN
 be EPIC":
· Causes:
Chlamydia trachomatis
Actinomycetes
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
· Effects:
Ectopic
Pregnancy
Infertility
Chronic pain


RLQ pain: brief female differential AEIOU:
Appendicitis/ Abscess
Ectopic pregnancy/ Endometriosis
Inflammatory disease (pelvic)/ IBD
Ovarian cyst (rupture, torsion)
Uteric colic/ Urinary stones


Forceps: indications for delivery FORCEPS:
Foetus alive
Os dilated
Ruptured membrane
Cervix taken up
Engagement of head
Presentation suitable
Sagittal suture in AP diameter of inlet


Delivery: instrumental delivery prerequisites AABBCCDDEE:
Analgesia
Antisepsis
Bowel empty
Bladder empty
Cephalic presentation
Consent
Dilated cervix
Disproportion (no CPD)
Engaged
Episiotomy


APGAR score components SHIRT:
Skin color: blue or pink
Heart rate: below 100 or over 100
Irritability (response to stimulation): none, grimace or cry
Respirations: irregular or good
Tone (muscle): some flexion or active


Spontaneous abortion: definition "Spontaneous abortion" has
less than 20 letters [it's exactly 19 letters].
Spontaneous abortion is defined as delivery or loss of products of conception at
less than 20weeks gestation.


Female pelvis: shapes GAP:
· In order from most to least common:
Gynecoid
Android /Anthropoid
Platypelloid


Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): complications I FACE
PID
:
Infertility
Fitz-Hugh-Curitis syndrome
Abscesses
Chronic pelvic pain
Ectopic pregnancy
Peritonitis
Intestinal obstruction
Disseminated: sepsis, endocarditis, arthritis, meninigitis


B-agonist tocolytic (C/I or warning) ABCDE:
Angina (Heart disease)
BP high
Chorioamnionitis
Diabetes
Excessive bleeding


Secondary amenorrhea: causes SOAP:
Stress
OCP
Anorexia
Pregnancy


Post-partum haemmorrage (PPH): risk factors PARTUM:
Polyhydroamnios/ Prolonged labour/ Previous cesarian
APH/ ANTH
Recent bleeding history
Twins
Uterine fibroids
Multiparity


Fetus: cardinal movements of fetus "Don't Forget
I Enjoy Really Expensive Equipment":
Descent
Flexion
Interal rotation
Extension
Restitution
External rotation
Expulsion


Sexual response cycle EXPLORE:
EXcitement
PLateau
Orgasmic
REsolution


Parity abbreviations (ie: G 3, P 2012) "TPeace
And Love":
T: of Term pregnancies
P: of Premature births
A: of Abortions (spontaneous or elective)
L: of Live births
· Describes the outcomes of the total number of pregnancies (Gravida).


Preeclampsia: classic triad PREeclampsia:
Proteinuria
Rising blood pressure
Edema


Oral contraceptive complications: warning signs ACHES:
Abdominal pain
Chest pain
Headache (severe)
Eye (blurred vision)
Sharp leg pain


Abdominal pain: causes during pregnancy LARA CROFT:
Labour
Abruption of placenta
Rupture (eg. ectopic/ uterus)
Abortion
Cholestasis
Rectus sheath haematoma
Ovarian tumour
Fibroids
Torsion of uterus


Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH): causes 4 'T's:
Tissue (retained placenta)
Tone (uterine atony)
Trauma (traumatic delivery, episiotomy)
Thrombin (coagulation disorders, DIC)


Ovarian cancer: risk factors "Blue FILM":
Breast cancer
Family history
Infertility
Low parity
Mumps


Prenatal care questions ABCDE:
Amniotic fluid leakage?
Bleeding vaginally?
Contractions?
Dysuria?
Edema?
Fetal movement?


Asherman syndrome features ASHERMAN:
Acquired Anomaly
Secondary to Surgery
Hysterosalpingography confirms diagnosis
Endometrial damage/ Eugonadotropic
Repeated uterine trauma
Missed Menses
Adhesions
Normal estrogen and progesterone


Vaginal pH Vagina has 4 labia and normal pH of vagina
is about 4.


Gestation period, oocytes, vaginal pH, menstrual cycle: normal
numbers
 4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
400 oocytes released between menarche and menopause.
400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a normal gestation
period.


CVS and amniocentesis: when performed "Chorionic" has 9
letters and Chorionic villus sampling performed at 9 weeks gestation.
"AlphaFetoProtein" has 16 letters and it's measured at 16 weeks
gestation.


Alpha-fetoprotein: causes for increased maternal serum AFP during
pregnancy
 "Increased Maternal Serum Alpha
Feto Protein":
Intestinal obstruction
Multiple gestation/ Miscalculation of gestational age/ Myeloschisis
Spina bifida cystica
Anencephaly/ Abdominal wall defect
Fetal death
Placental abruption
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